Initially PEP 484 defined the Python static type system as using Use Any to indicate that a value is dynamically typed. Use object to indicate that a value could be any type in a typesafe # Passes type checking, since ints and strs are subclasses of object hash_a ( 42 ) hash_a ( "foo" ) # Passes type checking, since Any is compatible with all types hash_b ( 42 ) hash_b ( "foo" ) def hash_b ( item : Any ) -> int : # Passes type checking item. Take the form Callable andĬallable, ReturnType]ĭef hash_a ( item : object ) -> int : # Fails type checking an object does not have a 'magic' method. Parameter types are dependent on each other using ParamSpec.Īdditionally, if that callable adds or removes arguments from otherĬallables, the Concatenate operator may be used. batch_proc (, good_cb ) # OK batch_proc (, bad_cb ) # Error! Argument 2 has incompatible type because of # different name and kind in the callbackĬallables which take other callables as arguments may indicate that their def bad_cb ( * vals : bytes, maxitems : int | None ) -> list. def good_cb ( * vals : bytes, maxlen : int | None = None ) -> list. def batch_proc ( data : Iterable, cb_results : Combiner ) -> bytes : for item in data. Vector and list will be treated equivalently by static typeįrom collections.abc import Iterable from typing import Protocol class Combiner ( Protocol ): def _call_ ( self, * vals : bytes, maxlen : int | None = None ) -> list. PEP 698: Adding an override decorator to typingĪ type alias is defined using the type statement, which createsĪn instance of TypeAliasType.Introducing builtin syntax for creating generic functions, classes, and type aliases. Introducing a new way of typing **kwargs with Unpack and PEP 692: Using TypedDict for more precise **kwargs typing.PEP 655: Marking individual TypedDict items as required or potentially missing.PEP 612: Parameter Specification Variables.Introducing types.UnionType and the ability to use
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